Classical Islam Takes Shape Through Struggles over Legitimacy and Authority

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• Qur’anic Islam is understood as a historical-political phenomenon that rebuilt the community

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• The fitnas are struggles over legitimacy and authority
• The first fitna embodies the struggle over Qur’anic legitimacy
• Mu’awiya establishes a hereditary monarchical model
• Ali, the model of the just imam
• The fitnas are struggles over legitimacy and authority
• The first fitna embodies the struggle over Qur’anic legitimacy
• Mu’awiya establishes a hereditary monarchical model
• Ali, the model of the just imam